Infertility in Men and Women: Common Causes and Risk Factors in India

Verified By Dr. Monica Gupta | 25-Mar-2025

Infertility is a growing concern in India, affecting millions of couples who struggle to conceive despite trying for an extended period. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected intercourse. In India, infertility is often stigmatized, and many couples face social pressure and emotional distress. Understanding the causes and risk factors specific to the Indian context is crucial for seeking timely treatment and improving the chances of conception.

Table of Content

• Understanding Infertility in Men and Women
• Risk Factors Contributing to Infertility in India
• When to Seek Medical Help?
• Treatment Options for Infertility
• Conclusion

Understanding Infertility in Men and Women

Infertility is often misunderstood as a female-centric issue, but research shows that male infertility accounts for nearly 40-50% of cases. Both men and women can face reproductive challenges due to hormonal imbalances, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors.

Common Causes of Infertility in Women

Several factors can contribute to female infertility, including:

• Ovulation Disorders – Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, and premature ovarian failure are increasingly common in Indian women due to sedentary lifestyles and dietary habits, affecting ovulation and the menstrual cycle.
• Blocked Fallopian Tubes – Infections like tuberculosis (TB), which is prevalent in India, can lead to scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the sperm from reaching the egg.
• Endometriosis – This condition is rising among Indian women, often leading to severe pain and fertility issues. Limited awareness and delayed diagnosis can worsen its impact.
• Uterine Abnormalities – Fibroids and congenital abnormalities in the uterus are common and can hinder embryo implantation, leading to pregnancy loss.
• Hormonal Imbalances – Disorders affecting hormone levels, such as thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia, are prevalent in Indian women, disrupting reproductive health.
• Age Factor – In urban India, delayed marriages and late pregnancies have become common, affecting fertility as women age, especially after 35.

Common Causes of Infertility in Men

Male infertility is primarily related to sperm production, quality, or delivery issues. Some common causes include:

• Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia) – Increasing pollution, stress, and unhealthy diets in India contribute to a decline in sperm quality and count.
• Poor Sperm Motility (Asthenospermia) – If sperm cannot move efficiently, they may not reach and fertilize the egg. Factors such as excessive heat exposure, obesity, and poor lifestyle choices contribute to this.
• Abnormal Sperm Morphology – Irregularly shaped sperm may have difficulty penetrating the egg, leading to fertility challenges.
• Varicocele – Enlarged veins in the scrotum can lead to overheating of the testicles, affecting sperm production and quality.
• Ejaculation Disorders – Conditions such as retrograde ejaculation (when semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis) can cause infertility.
• Hormonal Imbalances – Low testosterone or disorders affecting the endocrine system can impair sperm production.
• Genetic Factors – Certain genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome, can impact male fertility.

Also read: When Do Periods Return After Delivery? Expert Insights on Postpartum Menstruation

Risk Factors Contributing to Infertility in India

While medical conditions play a significant role in infertility, various risk factors further increase the likelihood of reproductive issues in both men and women.

1. Age and Societal Expectations

• The pressure to conceive early is high, but urban lifestyles have led to delayed pregnancies, impacting fertility.

2. Lifestyle Factors

• Smoking and Tobacco Use – Widespread tobacco consumption among Indian men significantly reduces sperm count and motility.
• Alcohol Consumption – Excessive alcohol affects hormonal balance and reduces fertility.
• Obesity and Malnutrition – Poor diet choices, either excessive junk food or malnutrition in rural areas, contribute to fertility issues.
• Lack of Exercise – Sedentary lifestyles in cities increase the risk of hormonal imbalances.

3. Environmental and Occupational Factors

• Pollution Exposure – High pollution levels in Indian cities can negatively impact sperm health.
• Occupational Hazards – Farmers exposed to pesticides and industrial workers in high-temperature environments face fertility risks.

4. Mental Health and Stress    

• Societal stigma, family pressure, and high stress levels can disrupt hormone production and impact fertility.

5. Medical Conditions and Infections

• Untreated Reproductive Infections – STDs and reproductive tract infections, often left untreated due to social stigma, contribute to infertility.
• Diabetes and Thyroid Disorders – Increasing cases of diabetes and thyroid dysfunction affect both male and female fertility.

When to Seek Medical Help?

Couples who have been trying to conceive for over a year without success should consult a fertility specialist. Women over 35 should seek medical help after six months of unsuccessful attempts. If there are known health conditions like PCOS, endometriosis, or male reproductive disorders, early consultation is recommended.

Also Read: Is It Normal? Period-Like Cramps at 5 Weeks Pregnant

Treatment Options for Infertility

Medical advancements in India offer various treatment options, including:

• Medications – Fertility drugs help regulate ovulation in women and improve sperm production in men.
• Surgical Treatments – Laparoscopic procedures are commonly used to treat fibroids, endometriosis, and blocked tubes.
• Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) – IVF, IUI, and ICSI are becoming more accessible, with increasing success rates.
• Lifestyle Changes – Maintaining a healthy weight, reducing stress, and quitting smoking and alcohol can improve fertility.

Conclusion

Infertility is a rising concern in India, but with advancements in medical treatments and awareness, couples now have more options than ever. Breaking the stigma, seeking early diagnosis, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly improve the chances of conception. If you or your partner are facing difficulties, consult a fertility expert for personalized guidance and treatment options.